Публикации

Азасиднон – новая эксплозофорная группа для синтеза энергоемких соединений. Термолиз и горение / В. П. Синдицкий, В. В. Серушкин, С. А. Филатов и др. // Сб. трудов Всероссийской конференции Химия нитросоединений и родственных азот-кислородных систем (АКС-2019), Москва, 23-25 октября 2019. — ИОХ РАН Москва, 2019. — С. 42–46.

Соли динитрамида с органическими азотистыми основаниями – перспективные компоненты малодымных твердотопливных композиций / В. П. Синдицкий, В. В. Серушкин, В. Ю. Егоршев и др. // Сборник трудов V Всероссийской научно-технической конференции "Современное состояние и проблемы разработки, эксплуатации и утилизации энергонасыщенных материалов" - Россия, Балашиха.: ВА РВСН им. Петра Великого, 2019. — ВА РВСН им. Петра Великого Балашиха, 2019. — С. 364–371. Исследовано влияние введения солей динитрамида с органическими азотистыми основаниями - бисдинитрамидат этилендиамина, динитрамидат аминогуанидина, динитрамидат 5-аминотетразола на энергетические и баллистические характеристики малодымных топливных композиций на активном и неактивном горючем связующем. Показана эффективность замены применяемых компонентов - октогена, нитрата аммония и динитрамидата аммония предложенными солями динитрамида.

Physico-chemical properties and combustion behavior of new oxygen-rich pyrazolyltetrazoles / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, T. H. Hoang et al. // Proc. 21st Seminar of the New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials. — Vol. 2. — University of Pardubice Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2018. — P. 974–985. Physico-chemical characterization of new oxygen-rich N-[3-nitro-1-(trinitromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1H-tetrazole and N- [1-(fluorodinitromethyl)-3-nitro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]-1H-tetrazole has been conducted, including studies on the thermal decomposition, burning behavior, and flame structure. It was found that the trinitromethyl group and the tetrazole substituent have a close thermal stability and decompose simultaneously under the nonisothermal conditions. The fluorodinitromethyl fragment is more stable than the trinitromethyl group, the decomposition of this substituent and the tetrazole ring proceeds at different temperature intervals under the conditions of DSC tests. It turned out that pyrazolyltetrazoles have high burning rates. The structure of the combustion wave of fluorodinitromethyl compound was determined with the help of thin thermocouples. Combustion of the investigated substances obeys the combustion model with the leading reaction in the condensed phase. In the case of trinitromethyl compound, the leading reaction is the decomposition of the trinitromethyl group and the tetrazole moiety, but in the case of the other compound, the combustion rate is determined by the decomposition kinetics of the more stable but more energy-rich fluorodinitromethyl group, since rapid release of heat upon the tetrazole moiety decomposition is insufficient to maintain combustion.

Thermal and combustion behavior of novel oxygen-rich energetic pyrazoles / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, T. H. Hoang et al. // Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry. — 2018. — Vol. 132, no. 1. — P. 127–142. Physicochemical properties, such as thermal decomposition, burning behavior, and flame structure of low-melting oxygen-rich energetic N-trinitromethyl-3,4-dinitropyrazole (1),N-trinitromethyl-3,5-dinitropyrazole (2), N-flurodinitro-methyl-3,5-dinitropyrazole (3), and N-[(difluoroamino)dinitromethyl]-3,5-dinitropyrazole (4) has been studied. It has been found that the stability of N-trinitromethyl azoles is relatively higher than stability of similar C-trinitromethyl heterocycles. Replacing one nitro group in the trinitromethyl moiety with fluorine or difluoroamine group changes the C-NO2 bond length and the thermal stability. However, there is no linear correlation between the rate constants and the CNO2 bond length, which indicates the presence of other factors affecting the stability of trinitro- and substituted dinitromethyl derivatives. The burning rates of the nitropyrazoles varied from 26.8 mm s-1 (for 1) to 77.5 mm s-1 (for 4) at 10 MPa. An analysis of thermocouple data shows that the burning rate of nitropyrazoles 1, 2, and 4 depends on the rate of heat release in the condensed phase. The increased stability of the fluorodinitromethyl compound 3 causes a decrease in the depth of its decomposition in the melt and shifts the leading reaction of its combustion into the gas phase. [ DOI ]

Thermal stability and combustion behaviors of energetic materials based on a new heterocycle azasydnone / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, S. A. Filatov et al. // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2018. — Vol. 17, no. 2. — P. 147–170. Derivatives of mesoionic heterocycle azasydnone (oxatriazolium-5-olate derivatives) may be of interest not only as medications, but also as energetic materials. In order to determine the possible applications of a new class of energetic compounds, it is necessary to determine the thermal stability, the combustion behaviors, and other properties of representatives of this chemical class. The thermal stability of the substances was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method under non-isothermal conditions and by means of gas evolution method (in Burdon glass manometers) under isothermal conditions. Combustion behavior of pressed samples was investigated in a constant-pressure bomb in a wide pressure interval, and the flame structure was studied with the help of thin tungsten–rhenium thermocouples. Investigation of the thermal stability of the derivatives of azasydnones showed that the heterocycle possesses satisfactory stability. The decomposition of molecules begins with the decomposition of the azasydnone ring, and there is a strong dependence of the thermal stability of azasydones on the nature of the substituent. The heat effect of decomposition of the azasydnone ring consists of the enthalpy of formation (16–20 kcal mol-1) and the heat of oxidation of the carbon atom adjacent to the cycle. It is shown that the introduction of mesoionic heterocycle in nitropyrazoles leads to a decrease in the exponent in the combustion law. It turned out that the decomposition reaction with activation energy less than 30 kcal mol􀀀1 controls the burning rate of these compounds. [ DOI ]

Термическое разложение калиевых солей нитропроизводных пиразолов / П. Д. Кулагина, В. В. Серушкин, В. П. Синдицкий и др. // Успехи в химии и химической технологии. — 2018. — Т. 32, № 10. — С. 115–117.

Physico-chemical properties and combustion behavior of low-melting oxygen-rich energetic pyrazoles / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, T. H. Hoang et al. // Proc. 20th Seminar of the New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials. — Vol. 2. — University of Pardubice Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2017. — P. 960–975.

Исследование закономерностей горения нитраминов и топлив на их основе / А. П. Денисюк, В. П. Синдицкий, В. В. Серушкин и др. // Наука и технологии в промышленности. — 2017. — № 1-2. — С. 74–79.

Термический распад и горение новых богатых кислородом пиразолов / В. В. Серушкин, В. П. Синдицкий, Ч. Х. Хоанг и др. // Материалы VIII Bсероссийской конференции Энергетические Конденсированные Системы, 8-11 ноября,. — Черноголовка-Дзержинский, 2016. — С. 178–183.

Combustion behaviors and mechanism of ap-based compositions with nitroester binders / V. P. Sinditskii, A. N. Chernyi, V. V. Serushkin, S. A. Filatov // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2015. — Vol. 14, no. 5. — P. 381–398. [ DOI ]

Simulation of energetic material burning with the help of zel'dovich model of condensed-phase combustion / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin et al. // Zel’dovich Memorial: Accomplishments in the combustion science in the last decade/ Edited by A.A.Borisov and S.M. Frolov. — Vol. 2. — Torus Press Moscow, 2015. — P. 133–138.

Serushkin V. V., Sinditskii V. P., Egorshev V. Y. Features of deflagration-to-detonation transition in primary explosive hexamethylenetriperoxide diamine // Proceedings of the 17th International seminar "New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials". — Vol. 2. — University of Pardubice Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2014. — P. 945–952. The deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) in both pressed samples of different porosity and large single crystals of a typical primary explosive from the chemical class of organic peroxides, hexamethylenetriperoxidediamine (HMTD), was investigated in the interval of external pressures 0.1-30 MPa. The deflagration to detonation transition in HMTD single crystals at high pressures was found to occur easier than DDT in high density pressed samples. An important role of HMTD single crystal fracturing upon ignition was revealed. In all cases, the value of the predetonation column length decreased with the growth of external pressure. It has been shown that only quantitative differences exist between DDT processes in brisant and capable-to-combustion primary explosives.

Mechanism of combustion catalysis of ammonium perchlorate-based compositions by ferrocene compounds / V. P. Sinditskii, A. N. Chernyi, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin // 9th International Conference on High Energy Materials and Exhibit (HEMCE-2014). — 2014. — P. 2–12.

Закономерности и механизм горения композиций перхлората аммония с нитроэфирными связующими / В. П. Синдицкий, А. Н. Чёрный, В. В. Серушкин и др. // Материалы VII Всероссийской конференции "Энергетические конденсированные системы". — Черноголовка – Дзержинский, 2014. — С. 69–72.

Combustion mechanism of triaminoguanidine nitrate / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, S. A. Filatov // Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. — 2013. — Vol. 38, no. 3. — P. 345–350. The combustion behavior of triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) was investigated over a wide pressure range and a detailed combustion mechanism has been proposed. Temperature profiles in the TAGN combustion wave were measured with thin tungsten-rhenium microthermocouples. It was shown that the surface temperature in combustion of TAGN as well as for other onium salts is controlled by the process of dissociation. The burning rate of TAGN is governed by processes in the condensed phase. [ DOI ]

Combustion of nitroester binders with thermostable energetic fillers / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev et al. // Proceeding of 2013 (10th) International Autumn Seminar on Propellants, Explosives and Pyrotechnics. — Chengdu, China, 2013. — P. 322–330. The present paper describes the results of combustion study of binary compositions of energetic thermostable fillers (HMX, RDX, FOX 7) with two nitroester binders, which combustion obeyed two different mechanisms: a gas-phase mechanism for volatile energetic materials and a mechanism with the leading reaction in the condensed phase. The study of the combustion of binary compositions of the thermostable energetic fillers and nitro ester binders has shown that a single combustion model cannot describe the entire set of experimental conditions. Even in compositions with a varying only size of nitramine particles, combustion of the mixtures can be described by several models.

Combustion mechanism of energetic binders with nitramines / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin et al. // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2012. — Vol. 11, no. 5. — P. 427–449. [ DOI ]

Combustion mechanism of nitro ester binders with nitramines / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, M. V. Berezin et al. // Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. — 2012. — Vol. 48, no. 2. — P. 163–176. [ DOI ]

Combustion of energetic materials controlled by condensed-phase reactions / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin, S. A. Filatov // Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. — 2012. — Vol. 48, no. 1. — P. 81–99. [ DOI ]

Comparative study of combustion mechanism of guanidine salts: triaminoguanidine and 3,6-diguanidino-1,2,4,5-tetrazine nitrates / V. P. Sinditskii, V. V. Serushkin, V. Y. Egorshev et al. // Proceedings of the15th Seminar of the New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials (NTREM). — Vol. 1. — University of Pardubice Czech Republic, 2012. — P. 271–279.

Горение энергетических материалов с ведущей реакцией в конденсированной фазе / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, В. В. Серушкин, С. А. Филатов // Физика горения и взрыва. — 2012. — Т. 48, № 1. — С. 89–109. Рассмотрена модель горения с ведущей реакцией в конденсированной фазе (к-фазная модель горения). На основе анализа результатов многочисленных термопарных исследований горения энергетических материалов показано, что в волне горения вещество в конденсированной фазе прогревается до максимально возможной температуры - температуры кипения при данном давлении. Установлено, что горение таких представителей класса ониевых солей, как перхлорат аммония, нитрат аммония, динитрамид аммония и нитроформат гидразина, в широком интервале давлений и начальных температур подчиняется к-фазной модели. Приведены кинетические параметры ведущей реакции горения этих солей.

Механизм горения нитроэфирных связующих с нитраминами / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, М. В. Березин и др. // Физика горения и взрыва. — 2012. — Т. 48, № 2. — С. 45–59.

Горение фуразанов и фуроксанов / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Д. Хэ, М. К. Ву и др. // Химическая и радиационная физика. — ТОРУС ПРЕСС Москва, 2011. — С. 339–343. Burn rate characteristics of monopropellant combustion of furazan derivatives, an endothermic five-membered ring, and their N-oxides, furoxans, were studied. For the furazan compounds without active oxygen in the substituents, thermocouple-aided measurements showed results well below calculated adiabatic combustion temperatures. Nitrile-containing compounds formed during decomposition of the heterocycle in the absence of an oxidizer is assumed to remain unreacted among combustion products and to be responsible for incomplete energy release. For combustion of compounds of this type, the main source of heat release is suggested to be isomerization of the nitriloxide formed during heterocycle decomposition to isocyanate rather than an oxidation reaction. At combustion of furoxan derivatives in most cases, even at low pressures, all energy accumulated in heterocycle is released that is well agree with the known channel of furoxan decomposition to nitriloxides. The significant distinction furazans and furoxans in thermal stability results in that the majority of mononuclear furazan derivatives burn by gas-phase combustion mechanism, while furoxans obey condensed-phase combustion mechanism.

Закономерности и механизм горения перхлората аммония и его смесей с активным связующим / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, А. Н. Черный и др. // Горение и взрыв. — 2011. — Т. 4. — С. 236–242.

A novel nitrogen-rich cadmium coordination compound based on 1,5-diaminotetrazole: Synthesis, structure investigation, and thermal properties / Z. M. Li, J. G. Zhang, Y. Cui et al. // Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data. — 2010. — Vol. 55, no. 9. — P. 3109–3116. A new coordination compound [Cd(DAT)(6)](PA)(2)center dot(H(2)O)(4) using 1,5-diaminotetrazole (DAT) as a ligand was synthesized and characterized by applying X-ray single crystal diffraction, elemental analysis, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The central cadmium(H) cation is coordinated by six N atoms from six DAT molecules to form a six-coordinated and slightly distorted octahedral configuration. The coordination cation is situated between the two picrate (PA) anions whose benzene-ring planes are parallel to each other. All of the molecular units are linked together by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. The thermal decomposition mechanism of the title compound was investigated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric/differential analysis (TG-DTG), and FT-IR analyses. The kinetic parameters of the first exothermic process of this complex were calculated by applying Kissinger's and Ozawa-Doyle's methods. [ DOI ]

Combustion of energetic materials governed by reactions in the condensed phase / V. P. Sinditsky, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin et al. // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2010. — Vol. 9, no. 2. — P. 147–192. [ DOI ]

Механизм горения высокоэнергетических композиций нитроэфирных связующих с нитраминами / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, М. В. Березин и др. // Сборник трудов Всероссийской научно-техн. конференции "Успехи специальной химии и химической технологии, посв. 75-летнему Юбилею ИХТФ. — Издательский центр РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева Москва, 2010. — С. 285–291.

Серушкин В. В., Синдицкий В. П., Филатов С. А. Механизм горения и температурная чувствительность скорости горения ТРТ на активном связующем // Сборник трудов Всероссийской научно-техн. конференции "Успехи специальной химии и химической технологии, посв. 75-летнему Юбилею ИХТФ. — Издательский центр РХТУ им. Д.И. Менделеева Москва, 2010. — С. 292–299.

Combustion mechanism of tagn and tagn-containing compositions / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, S. A. Filatov, S. A. Prochorov // THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS. — Vol. 8. — Science Press Beijing, China, 2009. — P. 286–291. Combustion behavior of triaminoguanidine nitrate (TAGN) has been investigated in wide pressure range and the detailed combustion mechanism of TAGN has been proposed. Temperature profiles in the TAGN combustion wave were measured with thin tungsten-rhenium microthermocouples. It has been shown that the surface temperature in combustion of TAGN, as well as for other onium salts, is controlled by process of dissociation. The burning rate at low pressure range is governed by processes in the condensed phase. The kinetic parameters of the burning rate controlling chemical reaction have been estimated and it has been shown that TAGN thermal decomposition reaction in the molten layer at the surface temperature controls the TAGN combustion. At pressure interval of 1-20 atm the heat release in the condensed phase provides completely amount of heat required for warming-up and melting, heat flux from the gas phase is spent only for evaporation of non-decomposed TAGN and has no effect on burning rate. The determined kinetic parameters of leading chemical reaction at combustion of TAGN allow explaining why TAGN exhibits high affectivity as activator of combustion of various AN-based propellant compositions. Having essentially low thermal stability in comparison with AN, TAGN in AN-based mixtures acts as an additional heat source in the molten layer of AN.

Evaluation of decomposition kinetics of energetic materials in the combustion wave / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin et al. // Thermochimica Acta. — 2009. — Vol. 496, no. 1-2. — P. 1–12. Experimental data on burning rates and surface temperatures have been shown to allow deriving unique information on decomposition kinetics of energetic materials at high temperatures, provided combustion of these materials occurs in the condensed phase. In the paper, kinetic parameters of the leading reaction on combustion of four solid rocket propellant oxidizers: ammonium perchlorate (AP), ammonium nitrate (AN), ammonium dinitramide (ADN), and hydrazine nitroformate (HNF), as well as six energetic fillers: 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (HMX), 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX), bicyclo-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-l,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane (bicyclo-HMX), hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20), 3,3'-diamino-4,4'-azofurazan (DAAzF), and 3-nitro-l,2,4-triazole-5-one (NTO) are evaluated from available combustion data. [ DOI ]

Mechanism of hmx combustion in a wide range of pressures / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, M. V. Berezin, V. V. Serushkin // Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. — 2009. — Vol. 45, no. 4. — P. 461–477. [ DOI ]

Прохоров C. А., Серушкин В. В., Синдицкий В. П. Механизм горения нитрата триаминогуанидина // Успехи в химии и химической технологии. — 2009. — Т. 23, № 4(97). — С. 115–122. Исследовано горение нитрата триаминогуанидина (ТАГН). Показано, что механизм горения ТАГН подобен механизму горения других солей, таких как нитрат и перхлорат аммония. Температура поверхности при горении ТАГН контролируется процессом диссоциации. Скорость горения определяется процессами в конденсированной фазе волны горения. Ведущей реакцией горения ТАГН является реакция его распада в расплаве при температуре поверхности.

Механизм горения октогена в широком интервале давлений / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, М. В. Березин, В. В. Серушкин // Физика горения и взрыва. — 2009. — Т. 45, № 4. — С. 128–146. Проанализированы литературные и полученные в настоящей работе данные по горению циклотетраметилентетранитрамина (октогена, HMX) при различных начальных температурах. Показано, что при давлениях 0.1÷10 МПа температурная чувствительность скорости горения октогена увеличивается с ростом начальной температуры, что характерно для горения вещества с ведущей реакцией в конденсированной фазе (к-фазная модель). Экспериментальные значения температурной чувствительности скорости горения в области давлений 0.1÷1 МПа превосходят значения, рассчитанные по к-фазной модели, однако это свидетельствует не о наличии в этой области неустойчивости горения, а о переходе процесса горения на другой режим. С помощью тонких вольфрам-рениевых термопар в интервале давлений 0.025÷1 МПа исследована структура пламени октогена с различными добавками. Установлено, что по крайней мере до давления 1 MПa газовое пламя загорается в индукционном режиме. На основании экспериментальных данных в широком интервале давлений получена зависимость температуры поверхности от давления: ln p = -14092/T + 21.72 (p, атм). Сделано предположение, что колебательный режим горения HMX, обнаруженный при атмосферном давлении, обусловлен, с одной стороны, возникновением резонансных явлений при горении неоднородной газовой смеси в трубке, а с другой стороны, связан с несоответствием между скоростью химической реакции в газовой фазе в момент резонанса и ее энергетическими возможностями, не позволяющими задать нужную скорость газификации НMX. Предложен механизм горения октогена, корректно описывающий его закономерности в широком интервале давлений вплоть до 10 МПа. Механизм основан на ведущей роли реакции распада октогена в расплаве при температуре поверхности.

Evaluation of decomposition kinetic parameters of energetic materials in the combustion wave / V. P. Sinditskii, V. V. Serushkin, V. Y. Egorshev et al. // Proc. 6th International Heat Flow Calorimetry Symposium on Energetic Materials May 6 – May 8, 2008, Fraunhofer ICT, Pfinztal-Berghausen, Germany. — Fraunhofer ICT, Pfinztal-Berghausen, Germany, 2008. — P. 51–65.

Исследование температурной чувствительности скорости горения ТРТ на активном связующем / А. И. Студилин, С. А. Филатов, В. В. Серушкин, В. П. Синдицкий // Успехи в химии и химической технологии. — 2008. — Т. 22, № 4(84). — С. 64–69. Исследована температурная чувствительность скорости горения активного горюче связующего (АГС) и ряда модельных топливных композиций на его основе. Проведен сравнительный анализ влияния компонентов топлив на температурную чувствительность скорости их горения. На основании полученных данных сделаны предположения о возможном механизме горения топлив на основе АГС. The burning rate temperature sensitivity of an active binder (AB) and series of AB-based model propellants has been investigated. The comparative analysis of influence of propellant components on burning rate temperature sensitivity has been carried out. On the base of data obtained, hypotheses concerning possible combustion mechanisms of propellants based on active binders have been suggested.

The role of additives in combustion mechanism of ammonium nitrate / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, A. I. Levshenkov, V. V. Serushkin // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2007. — Vol. 6, no. 2. — P. 227–251.

Использование закономерностей горения энергетических материалов для оценки их ударно-волновой чувствительности / В. Ю. Егоршев, В. П. Синдицкий, А. И. Левшенков, В. В. Серушкин // Сб. докладов III Межотраслевой науч.-технич. Конференции "Актуальные проблемы и перспективы разработки малочувствительных энергетических материалов и изделий пониженного риска", Дзержинск, 23-25 июля 2004, ФГУП "ГосНИИ Кристалл". — Дзержинск, 2007. — С. 71–72.

Combustion of ammonium dinitramide, part 1: Burning behavior / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, A. I. Levshenkov, V. V. Serushkin // Journal of Propulsion and Power. — 2006. — Vol. 22, no. 4. — P. 769–776. The paper presents a detailed analysis of the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) combustion behavior depending on organic and inorganic additives, material of the surrounding shell, and the sample cross-section size. In spite of the fact that ADN is an oxidizer, combustible surroundings have been found to exert practically no effect on the burning rate of ADN pressed strands. In contrast, minor amounts of organic and inorganic admixtures were shown to have a strong effect on ADN burning behavior, extending considerably the pressure limit of sustained combustion to the vacuum area. Within the pressure range of 1-10 MPa, a decrease in the strand cross-section size leads to a decrease in the ADN burning rate, accompanied by a notable burning-rate data scatter. The main reason for the observed combustion behavior is assumed to be a dominant role of exothermic condensed-phase decomposition reactions in burning of ADN. A descriptive mechanism has been proposed to explain the influence of small amounts of different substances added to ADN on its combustion behavior and the low-pressure limit of self-sustained burning. [ DOI ]

Combustion of ammonium dinitramide, part 2: Combustion mechanism / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, A. I. Levshenkov, V. V. Serushkin // Journal of Propulsion and Power. — 2006. — Vol. 22, no. 4. — P. 777–785. Temperature profiles in the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) combustion wave were measured in the 0.04-10 MPa pressure interval using thin tungsten-rhenium thermocouples. The data obtained suggest that the ADN decomposition reaction in the condensed zone plays a dominant role in burning at low pressures. The heat feedback from the gas to the surface appeared to be negligibly small. It has been concluded that the reaction of AN dissociation to form NH3 and HNO3 controls the ADN burning surface temperature. The three-zone flame structure of the ADN combustion wave has been found, and the main chemical reactions occurring in the zones have been proposed. At low pressures (below 1 MPa), the burning of ADN can be satisfactorily described by a condensed-phase combustion model with the rate-controlling reaction being the ADN decomposition in the melt. A gas-phase model with the rate-controlling reaction being HNO3 decomposition in the first flame can be used at high pressures (above 10 MPa). In the middle pressure interval, ADN shows combustion instability caused by deficiency of heat produced in the condensed material. In this area the fast but energy-limited heat-release process in the condensed phase has to adapt itself to the slow but energy-rich heat-release process in the gas phase. [ DOI ]

Preparation, properties and application of energetic complex perchlorates of d-metals / M. Ilyushin, I. Tselinsky, I. Bachurina et al. // Proceedings of the 12th International Seminar “New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials". — Vol. 1. — University of Pardubice Pardubice, Czech Republic, 2006. — P. 143–149.

Preparation, properties and application of energetic complex perchlorates of d-metals / M. A. Ilyushin, I. V. Tselinsky, I. V. Bachurina et al. // Central European Journal of Energetic Materials. — 2006. — Vol. 3, no. 4. — P. 41–49.

Ammonium nitrate: Combustion mechanism and the role of additives / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, A. I. Levshenkov, V. V. Serushkin // Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics. — 2005. — Vol. 30, no. 4. — P. 269–280. This paper presents an analysis of the observed combustion behavior of AN mixtures with different additives, fuels, and energetic materials. It has been determined on the basis of flame structure investigation by fine tungsten-rhenium thermocouples that the surface temperature of AN is controlled by the dissociation reaction of the salt occurring at the surface. Results obtained have indicated that the leading reaction of combustion of AN doped with additives proceeds in the condensed phase up to pressures of 20-30 MPa. A reason for the inability of pure AN to burn is suggested and the role of additives in the combustion mechanism is discussed. [ DOI ]

Effect of cl-20 particle size on combustion of binary mixtures with active binders / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, M. V. Berezin et al. // Theory and Practice of Energetic Materials. — Vol. 6. — SCIENCE PRESS MONMOUTH JUNCTION, NJ 08852-3014 USA, 2005. — P. 496–505. Combustion on model propellant compositions prepared from hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) of either fine (20-50 mm) or coarse (250-450 mm) particles and glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) of low molecular weight (similar to 1000), or with polyurethane binder plasticized by nitroglycerine (NG/PU) has been studied. Both binders were capable of self-sustained burning with the rate less than that of CL-20 and showed low pressure exponents. The content of CL-20 in the compositions varied from 10% to 80%. The burning of the compositions has been shown to propagate through either binder layer between the particles or be subjected to the geometrical model, depending on the CL-20 particle size. A geometric combustion model for systems with fast-burning inclusions describes satisfactorily the combustion of compositions containing coarse particles at high pressures. The burning rate-pressure dependence for the compositions with coarse particles revealed a break, with the pressure exponent neared to that of the binder before the break and to that of the solid filler after the break. Substitution of the nitroglycerine-based binder by GAP had little effect on the ballistic parameters of the mixtures with coarse particles of CL-20. Mixtures of GAP with fine particles of CL-20 burned faster than analogous NG/PU-based mixtures at all pressures studied, even exceeding CL-20 at low pressures. A suggestion has been made that interaction between decomposition products of both GAP and CL-20 occurred, resulting in an increased temperature of the first flame and playing important part at low pressures. A phenomenological model for combustion of the binary compositions has been proposed to explain the observed burning peculiarities, based on different thermal behaviors of the ingredients.

Combustion of dinitramide salts / V. P. Sinditskii, A. I. Levshenkov, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin // Proceedings of the 7th International Seminar on New Trends in Research of Energetic Materials. — Vol. 2. — University of Pardubice Czech Republic, 2004. — P. 636–646.

Identification of solid propellant combustion dynamic characteristics from the results of experiments with registration of the current burning front position / Y. M. Milyokhin, A. N. Klyuchnikov, A. V. Fedorychev et al. // New trends in research of energetic materials, Proceeding of the VII. Seminar. — Vol. 2. — University of Pardubice Czech Republic, 2004. — P. 191–202. A stable algorithm of structural and parametric identification of combustion dynamic characteristics from the results of experiments with registration of the current burning front position has been developed, which allows prediction of current values of burning rate u(τ) and its frequency response with accuracy acceptable to practice. The proposed approach has been tested by simulation calculations with harmonic input signals, including superimposed noise of different intensity, to determine the accuracy of identification of the amplitude and phase frequency characteristics of burning. The approach has been used to study dynamic combustion characteristics of a model propellant under oscillating pressure. The transfer and response functions have been determined for a low frequency area. It has been shown that the approach is favorably distinguished from other procedures by higher accuracy and authenticity of estimations.

Study of onium salts of oxaldihydroxamic acid as perspective components of gas generating propellants / V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii, S. A. Filatov et al. // THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS. — Vol. 5. — Science Press Beijing, China / New York, 2003. — P. 409–414. The combustion behavior of oxaldihydroxamic acid (dihydroxyglyoxime, DGH), its onium salts, and model propellants based on these compounds has been investigated. The investigation has shown that salts of oxaldihydroxamic acid with ammonia, hydrazine, and hydroxylamine are capable of self-sustained burning in a wide range of pressure, producing low-temperature gaseous products. The model propellant compositions demonstrate rather low values of the pressure exponent, 0.5-0.6. The measured temperatures of gaseous combustion products of the propellant compositions do not exceed 1000-1250 K. In that way, the results obtained indicate to a possibility of designing perspective low-temperature gas-generating solid propellants on the basis of DGH and its onium salts.

Study on combustion and thermal decomposition of 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (fox-7) / V. P. Sinditskii, A. I. Levshenkov, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin // Proc. 8th Inter. Seminar EuroPyro2003 & 30th Inter. Pyrotechnics Seminar, Saint-Malo , France, June 23 – 27, 2003. — Vol. 1. — Saint-Malo , France, 2003. — P. 299–311.

Закономерности горения высокоэнергетического каркасного нитрамина гексанитрогексаазаизовюрцитана / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, М. В. Березин и др. // Химическая физика. — 2003. — Т. 22, № 7. — С. 69–74. В бомбе постоянного давления в интервале 0.02-30 МПа исследованы закономерности горения высокоэнергетического каркасного нитрамина гексанитрогексаазаизовюрцитана (CL-20). С помощью тонких вольфрам-рениевых микротермопар получены температурные профили волны горения. Показано, что при низких давлениях определяющую роль при горении CL-20 играют реакции, протекающие в конденсированной фазе при температуре поверхности. Кинетика ведущей реакции горения CL-20 при этих давлениях совпадает с кинетикой реакции распада. Роль газофазных реакций значительно возрастает при давлениях выше 1.5 МПа.

Chemical peculiarities of combustion of solid propellant oxidizers / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin, A. I. Levshenkov // Rocket Propulsion: Present and Future: Edited Book of Proceedings of the 8th-IWCP, the Eighth International Workshop on Combustion and Propulsion. — Accademia aeronautica Italy, 2002. — P. 34.1–34.20.

Combustion peculiarities of adn and adn-based mixtures / V. P. Sinditskii, A. E. Fogelzang, V. Y. Egorshev et al. // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2002. — Vol. 5, no. 1-6. — P. 502–512. The present paper is devoted to a detailed analysis of the effect of additives, material of the surrounding shell, and the pellet cross-section size on the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) combustion peculiarities. A mechanism has been proposed to explain the influence of small amounts of different substances added to ADN on its combustion behavior and the low-pressure limit of self-sustained burning. The temperature distribution in the ADN combustion wave has been measured in the 0.04-4.1 MPa pressure range using thin tungsten-rhenium thermocouples. The temperature profiles has revealed the two-zone structure of the ADN gas flame. The first flame includes the complete oxidation of NH3. In the second flame, the complete thermodynamic heat release is attained. The surface temperature has been shown to be defined by the dissociation reaction of ammonium nitrate (AN) formed in the initial stage of ADN decomposition and accumulated in the condensed phase. The temperature just above the surface is also controlled by the dissociation reaction occurring at the surface of small droplets. A distinctive feature of redox reactions in both condensed and first flame zone consists in that one NH3 molecule is enough to reduce the most reactive radical-oxidizers, OH and NO2, produced in decomposition of one ADN molecule. Any fuel additives to ADN, therefore, can little affect the chemistry in the condensed zone and first flame. The observed combustion behavior of ADN mixtures with paraffin wax, water, and ammonium hydroxide solution is in line with the above reasoning. [ DOI ]

Flame structure of hydrazinium nitroformate / V. P. Sinditsky, V. V. Serushkin, S. A. Filatov, V. Y. Egorshev // INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS AND CHEMICAL PROPULSION. — 2002. — Vol. 5, no. 1-6. — P. 576–586.

Термическое разложение и горение 1,1-диамино-2,2-динитроэтилена / В. П. Синдицкий, А. И. Левшенков, В. Ю. Егоршев, В. В. Серушкин // Материалы Международной научно-технической конференции по проблемам технической химии. Казань, 26-28 сент. 2002. — Казань, 2002. — С. 20–23.

Sensitivity and properties of energetic materials database / V. P. Sinditskii, V. V. Serushkin, V. Y. Egorshev, G. V. Belov // Proc. 32th Inter. Ann.Conference of ICT. — Karlsruhe, FRG, 2001. — P. 78–1–78–10.

Study on combustion of metal-derivatives of 4,6-dinitrobenzofuroxan / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin et al. // THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS. — Vol. 4. — CHINA SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY PRESS BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA, 2001. — P. 69–77. Adducts of hydroxides of Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr, Cr, Fe, Ni, Co, Cu, Cd, Ba, Pb, ammonia, and hydrazine with 4, 6-dinitrobenzofuroxan (DNBF) have been synthesized and studied. IR-spectroscopy analysis data suggested all the salts to be divided into two groups depending on the chemical nature of metal cations. The first group includes adducts which have the Meisenheimer complex (alpha-complex) structure with metal atom located to oxygen atoms of nitro-group in the aci-form. The second one comprises adducts in which metal atom is covalently bound to the oxygen atom of hydroxyl group. Burn rate characteristics of a-complexes of both the types have been first studied in this work in the pressure interval of 0.1similar to30MPa. The experimental data unambiguously testify that the maximum catalytic (accelerating) effect at entering metal atom into the explosive molecule with N-O bonds can be achieved only when the metal is located to oxygen atoms of nitro-group in the aci-form. For most part this effect turned out to be irrespective of the chemical nature of metal introduced. However, the potassium salt of DNBF has showed the highest burning rates among others and, consequently, may be expected to have maximum initiating properties.

Burning behavior of composite propellants with fast-burning inclusions / A. E. Fogelzang, A. P. Denisyuk, V. V. Serushkin et al. // Journal of Propulsion and Power. — 2000. — Vol. 16, no. 1-6. — P. 374–376. [ DOI ]

Combustion mechanism of tetrazole derivatives / V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, A. E. Fogelzang et al. // Chemical Physics Reports. — 2000. — Vol. 18, no. 8. — P. 1569–1583. Burning of tetrazole and 5-chlorotetrazole and temperature distribution in the combustion wave are studied. The basic peculiarity of tetrazole burning is shown to consist in that in samples with no oxidizer the combustion products contain stable high-energy nitrite derivatives rather than equilibrium adiabatic species. As a result, only part of the energy stored in the energetic material is released. Although the decomposition reactions are rare controlling steps in the combustion mechanism of these compounds, they turn out other than those controlling thermal decomposition at temperatures between 150 and 250 degrees C. It is revealed that tetrazole bums in an unusual regime in which the surface temperature undergoes cyclic variations. The process underlying this phenomenon is periodical build-up of a decomposition product in the surface layer. The boiling/decomposition point of this product is much higher than the tetrazole boiling point. The layer is periodically removed to clean the burning surface.

Combustion peculiarities of chlorine-free oxidizers adn and hnf / V. P. Sinditskii, V. V. Serushkin, V. Y. Egorshev, A. I. Levshenkov // Proc. of 3 HEMCE, Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2000. — Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2000. — P. 489–494.

Sinditskii V. P., Egorshev V. Y., Serushkin V. V. Design and combustion behavior of metal-containing energetic materials // Proc. Sino-Russian Inter. Academic Conference on 60th Anniversary of the Funding of BIT, Beijing, China, 20-21 Sept. — Beijig Institute of Technology Beijing, 2000. — P. 174–190.

Effect of molecular structure on combustion of polynitrogen energetic materials / V. P. Sinditskii, A. E. Fogelzang, V. Y. Egorshev et al. // Solid Propellant Chemistry, Combustion, and Motor Interior Ballistics. — Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics. — United States: United States, 2000. — P. 99–128. [ DOI ]

Горение солей динитрамида / В. П. Синдицкий, А. И. Левшенков, В. Ю. Егоршев, В. В. Серушкин // Доклады 3 межд. Школы-семинара"Внутрикамерные процессы, горение и газовая динамика дисперсных сисем", Санкт-Петербург 26-30 июня 2000. — Санкт-Петербург, 2000. — С. 75–78.

Механизм горения производных тетразола / В. П. Синдицкий, В. Ю. Егоршев, А. Е. Фогельзанг и др. // Химическая физика. — 1999. — Т. 18, № 8. — С. 87–94.

Burning behavior of composite propellants with fast-burning inclusions / A. E. Fogelzang, A. P. Denisyuk, V. V. Serushkin et al. // 36TH AIAA AEROSPACE SCIENCES MEETING AND EXHIBIT. — Reno, NV, 1998. — P. AIAA–98–0450. [ DOI ]

Combustion behavior of dinitramide salts / V. P. Sinditskii, A. E. Fogelzang, A. I. Levshenkov et al. // 36TH AIAA AEROSPACE SCIENCES MEETING AND EXHIBIT. — Reno, NV, 1998. — P. AIAA–98–0808. [ DOI ]

Combustion and properties of energetic materials database - the second issue / A. E. Fogelzang, V. V. Serushkin, V. P. Sinditskii et al. // 36TH AIAA AEROSPACE SCIENCES MEETING AND EXHIBIT. — Reno, NV, 1998. — P. AIAA–98–0451. [ DOI ]

Study on combustion of new energetic furazans / V. P. Sinditskii, W. D. He, V. V. Serushkin et al. // Proc. 29 Inter.Annual Conf. of ICT, Karlsruhe, FRG, 30 June -July 3, 1998. — Vol. 30. — Karlsruhe, FRG, 1998. — P. 170–1–170–11.

Combustion behavior and flame structure of ammonium dinitramide / A. E. Fogelzang, V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev et al. // Proc 28th International Annual Conferenze of ICT , Karlsruhe (FRG). — Karlsruhe (FRG), 1997. — P. 99–1–99–14.

Sinditsky V. P., Serushkin V. V. Design and combustion behaviour of explosive coordination compounds // Defence Science Journal. — 1996. — Vol. 46, no. 5. — P. 371–383. The work focuses on general principles of designing explosive metal-containing compounds: metal salts of explosive organic acids and coordination compounds. Effect of the complex molecule constituents on explosive and physicochemical properties is discussed. The main classes of explosive organic acids and organic compounds which might be used as ligands in explosive complexes are considered An attempt is undertaken to find out a relationship between the chemical structure and burning rate characteristics of explosive metal-containing compounds.

Effect of structure of energetic materials on burning rate / A. E. Fogelzang, V. P. Sinditskii, V. Y. Egorshev, V. V. Serushkin // DECOMPOSITION, COMBUSTION, AND DETONATION CHEMISTRY OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS. — Vol. 418 of MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS. — MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC, 9800 MCKNIGHT RD, SUITE 327, PITTSBURGH, PA 15237 United States, 1996. — P. 151–161.

Combustion of 5-aminotetrazole salts / V. P. Sinditskii, A. E. Fogelzang, A. I. Levshenkov et al. // Proc. Twenty-first International Pyrotechnische Seminar. Moscow, 1995. — Moscow, 1995. — P. 762–773.

Compounds of lead nitrate with glyoxime / V. Sinditskii, V. Serushkin, T. Dutova, A. Fogel'zang // Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. — 1994. — Vol. 39, no. 6. — P. 915–919.

Соединения нитрата свинца с глиоксимами / В. П. Синдицкий, В. В. Серушкин, А. Е. Фогельзанг, Т. Я. Дутова // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1994. — Т. 39, № 6. — С. 958–964.

The synthesis and study of the structure of coordination compounds of metals with oxamide bis-hydrazone / V. P. Sinditskii, M. D. Dutov, V. I. Sokol et al. // Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. — 1990. — Vol. 35, no. 12. — P. 1774–1778.

Синтез и исследование строения координационных соединений металлов с оксальбисамидразоном / В. П. Синдицкий, М. Д. Дутов, В. И. Сокол и др. // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1990. — Т. 35, № 5. — С. 3124–3130.

Fogelzang A. E., Serushkin V. V., Sinditskii V. P. Spontaneous explosion of hexamethylenetriperoxide diamine // Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves. — 1989. — Vol. 25, no. 6. — P. 780–781.

Фогельзанг А. Е., Серушкин В. В., Синдицкий В. П. О спонтанном взрыве гексаметилентрипероксидадиамина // Физика горения и взрыва. — 1989. — Т. 25, № 6. — С. 129–131. [ DOI ]

Vibrational spectra and the structure of metal complexes with 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole as a bidentate ligand / V. P. Sinditskii, V. I. Sokol, A. E. Fogel’zang et al. // Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. — 1987. — Vol. 32, no. 8. — P. 1149–1152.

Колебательные спектры и строение координационных соединений металлов с 4-амино-1,2,4-триазолом в качестве бидентатного лиганда / В. П. Синдицкий, В. И. Сокол, А. Е. Фогельзанг и др. // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1987. — Т. 32, № 8. — С. 1950–1955.

Строение комплексных соединений хлоридов, сульфатов, нитратов и перхлоратов металлов с карбогидразином / В. П. Синдицкий, А. Е. Фогельзанг, М. Д. Дутов и др. // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1987. — Т. 32, № 8. — С. 1944–1949.

Строение координационных соединений металлов с 4-амино-1,2,4-тиразолом в качестве монодентатного лиганда / В. П. Синдицкий, В. И. Сокол, А. Е. Фогельзанг и др. // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1987. — Т. 32, № 8. — С. 2726–2729.

Комплексные соединения карбогидразида с солями меди (ii) / В. П. Синдицкий, А. Е. Фогельзанг, М. Д. Дутов и др. // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1986. — Т. 31, № 7. — С. 1759–1765.

Синтез и спектральные исследования комплексных соединений этоксикарбонилгидразина / В. П. Синдицкий, А. Е. Фогельзанг, М. Д. Дутов и др. // Журнал неорганической химии. — 1986. — Т. 31, № 8. — С. 2032–2038.

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